# PCB สำหรับ EV และ BMS: คู่มือออกแบบ Battery Management System
Electric Vehicle (EV) กำลังเติบโตอย่างรวดเร็ว และ Battery Management System (BMS) เป็นหัวใจสำคัญ บทความนี้ครอบคลุมการออกแบบ PCB สำหรับ EV และ BMS
---
สารบัญ
- BMS คืออะไร?
- ความท้าทายในการออกแบบ
- High Current Design
- Thermal Management
- Isolation & Safety
- Material Selection
---
BMS คืออะไร? {#what-is-bms}
Battery Management System ทำหน้าที่ควบคุมและปกป้อง battery pack:
```
BMS Functions
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Monitoring:
├── Cell voltage (per cell)
├── Pack voltage
├── Current (charge/discharge)
├── Temperature (multiple points)
└── State of Charge (SoC)
Protection:
├── Over-voltage protection
├── Under-voltage protection
├── Over-current protection
├── Short circuit protection
├── Over-temperature protection
└── Cell balancing
Communication:
├── CAN bus (automotive)
├── SPI/I2C (internal)
├── Battery status reporting
└── Fault diagnostics
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
```
BMS Architecture
```
Typical EV BMS Architecture
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Battery Pack
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ ┌─────┐ ┌─────┐ ┌─────┐ ┌─────┐ ┌─────┐ ┌─────┐ │
│ │Cell │ │Cell │ │Cell │ │Cell │ │Cell │ │Cell │ │
│ │ 1 │ │ 2 │ │ 3 │ │ ... │ │ n-1 │ │ n │ │
│ └──┬──┘ └──┬──┘ └──┬──┘ └──┬──┘ └──┬──┘ └──┬──┘ │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ ┌──┴───────┴───────┴───────┴───────┴───────┴──┐ │
│ │ Cell Monitoring IC │ │
│ │ (AFE: Analog Front End) │ │
│ └─────────────────────┬───────────────────────┘ │
│ │ (Isolated) │
│ ┌─────────────────────┴───────────────────────┐ │
│ │ BMS Master MCU │ │
│ │ ┌─────┐ ┌─────┐ ┌─────┐ ┌─────┐ │ │
│ │ │SoC │ │Cell │ │Fault│ │Comm │ │ │
│ │ │Calc │ │Bal │ │Mgmt │ │CAN │ │ │
│ │ └─────┘ └─────┘ └─────┘ └─────┘ │ │
│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────┘ │
│ │ │
└────────────────────────┼───────────────────────────┘
│
┌────────┴────────┐
│ Vehicle ECU │
│ (via CAN) │
└─────────────────┘
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
```
> มุมมองผู้เชี่ยวชาญ: "BMS ต้องทำงานได้อย่างเชื่อถือได้ในทุกสภาวะ — ตั้งแต่ร้อนจัดถึงหนาวจัด และต้องทนต่อ vibration ตลอดอายุการใช้งานรถ 15+ ปี" — Hommer Zhao
---
ความท้าทายในการออกแบบ {#challenges}
EV/BMS PCB Design Challenges
| ความท้าทาย | รายละเอียด | ผลกระทบ |
|---|---|---|
| High Current | 100-500A ในบาง circuits | Trace width, thermal |
| High Voltage | 400-800V pack voltage | Creepage, clearance |
| Temperature | -40 to +85°C operation | Material selection |
| Vibration | Automotive environment | Reliability |
| EMC | Switching noise, immunity | Shielding, filtering |
| Safety | Functional safety (ISO 26262) | Redundancy |
---
High Current Design {#high-current}
Current Carrying Capacity
```
PCB Trace Current Carrying (IPC-2152)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Formula: I = k × ΔT^b × A^c
Where:
├── I = Current (A)
├── ΔT = Temperature rise (°C)
├── A = Cross-sectional area (mils²)
├── k, b, c = Constants from IPC
Example for 2oz copper, external layer, 20°C rise:
| Trace Width | Current Capacity |
|---|---|
| 0.5mm | ~2A |
| 1mm | ~3.5A |
| 2mm | ~6A |
| 5mm | ~12A |
| 10mm | ~20A |
For higher currents (>50A):
├── Use busbar/copper pour
├── Multiple parallel traces
├── External copper bars
└── Aluminum or IMS PCB
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
```
High Current Techniques
| Technique | Current Range | Pros | Cons |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wide Traces | 5-20A | Simple, low cost | Takes space |
| Heavy Copper | 20-50A | Good thermal | More expensive |
| Copper Pour | 30-100A | Flexible | Layout complexity |
| Busbar | 50-500A | Excellent | External component |
| IMS/MCPCB | 20-100A | Thermal + current | Limited layers |
---
Thermal Management {#thermal}
Heat Sources in BMS
```
BMS Thermal Hotspots
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Main Heat Sources:
├── Power MOSFETs (switching losses)
├── Current sense resistors
├── DC-DC converters
├── Precharge resistor
└── Balancing circuits
Thermal Design Goals:
├── Component Tj < rated max (typically 125°C)
├── PCB temp < 100°C
├── Ambient range: -40 to +85°C
└── Minimize thermal gradients
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
```
PCB Thermal Solutions
| Solution | Thermal Performance | Cost |
|---|---|---|
| Thermal vias | θ = 50-100°C/W | Low |
| Heavy copper | θ = 20-50°C/W | Medium |
| Metal core (MCPCB) | θ = 5-15°C/W | High |
| Ceramic | θ = 1-5°C/W | Very high |
| Active cooling | Variable | High |
Thermal Via Design
```
Thermal Via Array Design
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Power MOSFET Thermal Pad:
Top View:
┌─────────────────────────────────────┐
│ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ │ ←─ Thermal vias (0.3mm)
│ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ │
│ ○ ○ ○ ○ ┌─────────┐ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ │
│ ○ ○ ○ ○ │ MOSFET │ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ │
│ ○ ○ ○ ○ │ D2PAK │ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ │
│ ○ ○ ○ ○ └─────────┘ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ │
│ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ │
│ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ │
└─────────────────────────────────────┘
Design Rules:
├── Via diameter: 0.3-0.5mm
├── Via pitch: 1.0-1.2mm
├── Via plating: 25μm+ (filled preferred)
├── Bottom plane: Copper pour for spreading
└── Heatsink attachment if needed
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
```
---
Isolation & Safety {#safety}
High Voltage Isolation
EV BMS ต้องแยก high voltage (HV) จาก low voltage (LV):
| Standard | Application | Requirements |
|---|---|---|
| IEC 61851 | EV charging | Basic + supplementary insulation |
| ISO 6469 | EV safety | Isolation, creepage |
| ISO 26262 | Functional safety | ASIL levels |
| UL 2580 | Batteries for EVs | Certification |
Creepage & Clearance for EV
| Working Voltage | Clearance | Creepage |
|---|---|---|
| 60-150V | 3.0mm | 4.0mm |
| 150-300V | 4.0mm | 6.3mm |
| 300-600V | 6.4mm | 10.0mm |
| 600-1000V | 10.0mm | 16.0mm |
Isolation Techniques
```
BMS Isolation Architecture
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
HV Side │ LV Side
(Battery voltage) │ (12V system)
│
┌─────────────────┐ │ ┌─────────────────┐
│ Cell Monitor │ │ │ Main MCU │
│ AFE IC │ │ │ │
└────────┬────────┘ │ └────────┬────────┘
│ │ │
│ ╔═══════════╧═══════════╗ │
│ ║ ISOLATION BARRIER ║ │
│ ║ (>2500Vrms) ║ │
│ ╚═══════════╤═══════════╝ │
│ │ │
┌────┴────┐ ┌────┴────┐ ┌────┴────┐
│ isoSPI │ │Isolated │ │ CAN │
│ │──────│DC-DC │────│ │
│ │ │Power │ │ │
└─────────┘ └─────────┘ └─────────┘
Isolation Components:
├── Digital isolators (capacitive/magnetic)
├── Isolated DC-DC converters
├── Optocouplers (legacy)
└── Transformer-based isolation
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
```
---
Material Selection {#materials}
PCB Materials for EV/BMS
| Material | Application | Key Properties |
|---|---|---|
| High Tg FR4 | General BMS | Tg 170°C+, CTI 600V |
| Halogen-free FR4 | Automotive | UL 94V-0, low smoke |
| Polyimide | Flex harness | High temp, flexible |
| Aluminum MCPCB | Power stage | Thermal 1-3 W/mK |
| Ceramic | High reliability | 20+ W/mK thermal |
Surface Finish
| Finish | Current Handling | Corrosion | Recommended For |
|---|---|---|---|
| ENIG | Good | Excellent | Flat components |
| OSP | Good | Limited | Cost-sensitive |
| Immersion Silver | Good | Good | High-frequency |
| HASL | Excellent | Good | High current |
| Hard Gold | Good | Excellent | Connectors |
---
คำถามที่พบบ่อย
Q1: ต้องใช้ Aluminum PCB สำหรับ BMS ไหม?
A: ไม่จำเป็น สำหรับ:
- Low/medium current: FR4 + thermal vias พอ
- High power stage: Aluminum หรือ IMS แนะนำ
- ผสมได้: FR4 for control + MCPCB for power
Q2: BMS ต้อง IATF 16949 ไหม?
A: ถ้าขายให้ OEM ต้องใช้ IATF 16949 เป็นข้อบังคับ
Q3: Lead time สำหรับ EV PCB?
A: ขึ้นกับ complexity:
- Standard FR4: 2-3 weeks
- Heavy copper: 3-4 weeks
- MCPCB: 3-4 weeks
- Ceramic: 6-8 weeks
---
บทสรุป
> สรุปจากผู้เชี่ยวชาญ: "EV/BMS PCB เป็นการรวมความท้าทายหลายด้าน — high current, high voltage, thermal, และ automotive reliability ต้องวางแผน design อย่างรอบคอบตั้งแต่แรก เพราะการแก้ไขทีหลังมีค่าใช้จ่ายสูง" — Hommer Zhao
---
บริการของเรา
PCB Thailand สำหรับ EV/BMS:
- Aluminum PCB - Power stage
- Multilayer PCB - Control boards
- Heavy Copper - High current
Industries: Automotive
ติดต่อเรา สำหรับ EV/BMS PCB requirements
---

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