จาก Prototype สู่ Production: 8 ขั้นตอนสำคัญ [คู่มือ 2024]

# จาก Prototype สู่ Production: 8 ขั้นตอนสำคัญ

การนำผลิตภัณฑ์จาก prototype ไปสู่ mass production มีหลายขั้นตอน บทความนี้อธิบายแต่ละขั้นตอนและเทคนิคลดความเสี่ยง

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สารบัญ

1. ภาพรวม NPI Process
2. Prototype Stage
3. EVT (Engineering Validation)
4. DVT (Design Validation)
5. PVT (Production Validation)
6. Mass Production
7. Common Pitfalls
8. Timeline Planning

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ภาพรวม NPI Process {#overview}

Product Development Stages

```

NPI (New Product Introduction) Flow

═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

Concept ──► Proto ──► EVT ──► DVT ──► PVT ──► MP

│ │ │ │ │ │

▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼

┌────────┐ ┌────────┐ ┌────────┐ ┌────────┐ ┌────────┐

│ 1-5 │ │ 5-20 │ │20-100 │ │100-500 │ │ 1000+ │

│ units │ │ units │ │ units │ │ units │ │ units │

└────────┘ └────────┘ └────────┘ └────────┘ └────────┘

│ │ │ │ │

│ │ │ │ │

Prove Test Verify Prove Full

concept function design process production

Timeline: Typically 6-18 months for consumer products

═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

```

Stage Gate Process

> มุมมองผู้เชี่ยวชาญ: "ข้ามขั้นตอนเพื่อประหยัดเวลาเป็นความผิดพลาดที่พบบ่อย การแก้ไขปัญหาใน production แพงกว่าใน prototype 10-100 เท่า" — Hommer Zhao

---

1. Prototype Stage {#prototype}

Objectives

• Prove basic concept works
• Test critical components/circuits
• Validate form factor
• Get early feedback

Prototype Types

Common Prototype Issues

```

Prototype Stage Checklist

═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

Design Review:

├── □ Schematic review complete

├── □ DFM check performed

├── □ Critical components available

├── □ Test points included

└── □ Programming interface accessible

PCB Layout:

├── □ Stack-up verified

├── □ Impedance calculated (if needed)

├── □ Power integrity checked

├── □ Signal integrity reviewed

└── □ Thermal consideration

BOM:

├── □ Components spec'd correctly

├── □ Alternates identified

├── □ Lead times checked

├── □ Cost estimate done

└── □ Lifecycle status verified

═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

```

---

2. EVT (Engineering Validation Test) {#evt}

EVT Objectives

• Verify design meets functional specs
• Identify design bugs
• Refine BOM (components)
• Develop test procedures

EVT Activities

EVT Quantity

• Typical: 20-100 units
• For testing, internal use, early samples
• Expect 2-3 EVT builds with design changes

---

3. DVT (Design Validation Test) {#dvt}

DVT Objectives

• Validate design is production-ready
• Complete all certifications
• Verify reliability
• Finalize documentation

DVT Testing

```

DVT Test Matrix

═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

Environmental Tests:

├── Temperature cycling (-40 to +85°C)

├── Humidity (85°C/85%RH)

├── Thermal shock

├── Altitude (if applicable)

└── Salt spray (if applicable)

Mechanical Tests:

├── Drop test (1.5m on each face)

├── Vibration test

├── Bend test (flex cables)

├── Button/connector durability

└── Ingress protection (IP rating)

Electrical Tests:

├── ESD immunity

├── EMI/EMC compliance

├── Power supply variation

├── Transient protection

└── Battery safety (if applicable)

Regulatory Tests:

├── Safety (UL, CE)

├── Radio (FCC, CE-RED)

├── Environmental (RoHS, REACH)

└── Industry-specific (FDA, automotive)

═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

```

DVT Exit Criteria

• All tests passed
• Design frozen (no more changes)
• Certifications complete or in progress
• Documentation complete

---

4. PVT (Production Validation Test) {#pvt}

PVT Objectives

• Validate production process
• Verify yield targets
• Train production team
• Build sales samples

PVT Focus Areas

PVT Quantity

• Typical: 100-1000 units
• For final testing, channel samples, inventory
• Should be saleable quality

---

5. Mass Production {#mass-production}

MP Ramp-Up

```

Production Ramp-Up Plan

═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

Week 1-2: Pilot Run

├── 500-1000 units

├── Monitor all metrics

├── Identify bottlenecks

└── Fine-tune process

Week 3-4: Ramp Phase 1

├── 50% of target capacity

├── Build inventory

├── Quality validation

└── Process stabilization

Week 5-8: Ramp Phase 2

├── 75% of target capacity

├── Continuous monitoring

├── Address issues

└── Optimize efficiency

Week 9+: Full Production

├── 100% capacity

├── Stable metrics

├── Cost optimization

└── Continuous improvement

═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

```

---

6. Common Pitfalls {#pitfalls}

Top 10 Mistakes

---

7. Timeline Planning {#timeline}

Typical Timeline

```

Product Development Timeline (Consumer Electronics)

═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

Month: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │

Proto ├════════╗

║

EVT ╠════════════╗

║

DVT ╠════════════╗

║

PVT ╠════════╗

║

MP ╠════════►

Certification ████████████████████

Tooling ██████████████████████████████

═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

```

Timeline by Product Type

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บทสรุป

> สรุปจากผู้เชี่ยวชาญ: "Proto to production ไม่ใช่แค่เพิ่ม volume แต่เป็นการเปลี่ยนจาก 'works in lab' เป็น 'works in factory' ที่ต้อง scale ได้ repeatable ได้ และ cost-effective ต้องมี discipline และทำตาม process" — Hommer Zhao

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บริการของเรา

PCB Thailand สนับสนุนทุกขั้นตอน:

• Prototype - Quick turn PCB
• SMT Assembly - EVT/DVT builds
• Turnkey - Full NPI support

ติดต่อเรา สำหรับ NPI support

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บทความที่เกี่ยวข้อง

• DFM Guide
• EMS vs ODM vs OEM
• PCB Manufacturer Selection